Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Volume:57 Issue: 1, Jun 2023

A novel hybrid surfactant-type polyoxometalate, [(C16H33)N(CH3)3]6 [PV3W9O40] was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, SEM and EDX analyze. Oxidation of sulfur compounds in gas condensate with H2O2 as oxidant using surfactant-type polytangestovanado phosphoric catalyst and acetonitrile as solvent was studied. The total sulfur content of the samples was determined by UV Fluorescence. The catalyst were evaluated for the oxidative desulfurization of gas condensate from Ilam Refinery Company and straight-run diesel from Kermanshah Oil Refining. Results show that the catalysts keep the Keggin structure. The sulfur level of a gas condensate can be lowered from a few hundred 1800 µg/g to 83 µg/g only at 5 min and the sulfur removal 98.83% was obtained at 15 min. Also, the desulfurization rate of straight-run diesel can be up to 82% at 30 min. In addition, the reusability of catalyst after five times showed that the catalytic activity had a few decrease from 97.22 to 92.11 percent sulfur removal of gas condensate.

Typical models are employed to estimate the product yields of delayed coking units using complicated and multistep calculations. In current study, a new first-order mathematical model have been proposed to estimate delayed coking products yield utilizing the Volk’s model as the baseline. The modified coefficients of Volk's model for industrial level are 0.634, 0.589, 1, and 1.116 for gas, gasoline, gasoil, and coke yield prediction, respectively. In Compare to other models, the proposed model showed very close and similar trend with industrial data in yield prediction, and the average error for gas production was 0.25%. For the gasoline, almost all of the other models have overestimated efficiency. However, current model prediction was obtained close to the industrial data with average error of 14 % that is almost three times better than the Volk’s model prediction (which was the most accurate model previously). The industrial data for the gasoil was underestimated by all previous models. However, the average error of proposed model for prediction of gasoil yield was 13% while other models’ estimation error is much higher. For the coke production, this newly developed model is the most accurate one compared to other predictive models.

The aim of the present work was to the synthesis of glycerol ketals by using p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), their applications in biodiesel blends. Biodiesel was prepared from the sunflower oil by the transesterification reaction in the presence of a new catalytic system. The conversion was 83% at using a 1:3 molar ratio of oil to alcohol at 55°C. The use of the proposed catalytic system reduces the amount of foam produced by biodiesel washing, thus simplifying its synthesis. Due to the absence of the neutralization stage, the described catalytic system can be reused after water removal through distillation. Important fuel physical properties of diesel, biodiesel, and oxygenated diesel blends with the ASTM standards had been investigated. Based on the obtained results is noted that the fuel blends B20 and B50 with (or without) the oxygenated have greater potentials for diesel engines than, B100 and diesel. The structures of the obtained products were investigated by NMR spectroscopy.

Typically, supporting the DME synthesis reactor by hydrogen and H2O permselective membrane modules and optimization of operating condition are practical solutions to shift the equilibrium conversion of reactions toward DME production and increasing CO2 conversion in the direct synthesis route. In this regard, the main object of this research is calculating the optimal condition of the dual membrane reactor to enhance DME productivity. In the first step, the considered dual membrane reactor is heterogeneously modeled based on the mass and energy governing equations. Since the reactions are intraparticle mass transfer control, the effectiveness factor is calculated and applied in the model. In the second step, a single objective optimization problem is formulated considering process limitations and constraints to calculate the optimal condition of the dual membrane process. Then, the performance of the dual membrane and conventional processes are compared at steady state condition. Based on the simulation results, DME production rate in the optimized dual membrane and conventional reactors are 0.0211 and 0.0262 mole s-1, respectively. Applying the optimal condition on the system increases DME production about 24.17% compared to the conventional process.

Environmental protection during drilling is necessary for onshore oil and gas development. With the available additives, it is impossible to design a drilling fluid system that is both efficient and environmentally friendly. Nevertheless, due to their high cost and complicated manufacturing procedure, several environmentally friendly drilling fluid additives cannot be utilised widely. This study used broad bean peel powder (BBPP) as a drilling fluid additive to improve drilling fluid performance. All the necessary experimental tests for rheology and filtration were conducted in an ambient condition. According to the results, BBPP reduced the drilling fluid's alkalinity by 10–39% and enhanced its rheological characteristics (plastic viscosity, gel strength). However, the BBPP had a negligible effect on other properties, including mud weight and yield point. Furthermore, adding fine (FBBPP) and Medium (MBBPP) broad bean peel powder improved the filtration properties of the reference mud. However, FBBPP was more effective in reducing the filter cake thickness and fluid loss from 1.75 mm and 20.4 mL to 1.0 mm and 13.3 mL, respectively. The ability of BBPP to improve rheological properties and decrease filtration properties makes them beneficial to a successful drilling operation.

In this study, the separation of silica particles was investigated experimentally and numerically using a cyclone separator. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed using a multi-phase Eulerian-Eulerian model for air-silica powder and k-ε turbulent model. In the experiments, the effects of operating parameters including silica particle size, airflow rate, and rotational speed on cyclone efficiency were examined. The results showed that by increasing the particle size, the flow rate, and the body speed, the cyclone efficiency enhances. Furthermore, body rotation in the opposite direction of the inlet flow decreases cyclone efficiency by around 48% and increasing the flow rate and rotation speed increases tangential velocity, resulting in increased centrifugal force and improved cyclone efficiency. The experimental and simulation performance maximums are about 97 percent and 90 percent, respectively. At a constant flow rate and particle size, a 1900 rpm rotating speed of the current direction of inlet flow increases performance by approximately 10-13 percent compared to a stationary body.

One of the main objectives of reservoir engineering studies is to increase the production of hydrocarbon reservoirs with an optimal method. One of the artificial lift methods in wells is the gas lift. This system increases the oil production flow rate by reducing the pressure at the bottom of the well and increasing the pressure at the wellhead. In this method, by injection of high-pressure gas into the well’s column, the average density of the well fluid is reduced, and through this, the well is reactivated. In the current study, the simulation of a gas lift system in the horizontal and inclined wells was investigated. The pressure changes at the end of a simulated pipeline with the ability to change the angle from horizontal to inclined when the continuous fluid is water and the injected fluid in the air is investigated. The results obtained from the current study have been investigated by the PIPESIM Software and the GLR parameter sensitivity analysis. The main objective of the current study is to find the optimal flow rate of the injected gas, which is specified after analysis of the figures obtained from the experiment. Discussion and One of the advantages of conducting this empirical research compared to simulation with PIPESIM Software is that pressure drop fluctuations can be seen along the pipeline in empirical operations, which is not possible in this software.

Metoprolol has been widely used for controlling high blood pressure, preventing myocardial reinfarction, setting rate changes, setting heart rhythm, treatment of chronic angina and preventing excessive bleeding during surgery. The purpose of this research is formulation and manufacture of extended release tablets of metoprolol succinate that conform to all the in vitro physicochemical US Pharmacopoeia national formulary (USP32). For preparing the tablets, the hydrophilic HPMC(K100M) polymer was used in direct compression method. Release of metoprolol in phosphate buffer having pH=6.8 (USP32) was measured by HPLC. Also, using experimental correlation of diffusivity in buffer medium and Gurney-Lurie charts during tablet enlargement with time, diffusion coefficients of drug and partition coefficients were obtained at different time steps. The rate of drug release depends on the type, viscosity and polymer concentration. Drug release results over 20 hours for polymers of HPMC(K100M), HPMC(K4M), HPMC(K15M), polyethylene oxide, ethyl cellulose, Eudragit (RL100) were investigated and compared. The results demonstrated that HPMC(K100M) met the standards of USP32 very well and was superior over the other polymers tested.

In the current research, lignin was successfully extracted from industrial waste Kraft black liquor using acid precipitation method. In the following step, powdered carbon was sensitized through H3PO4-chemical activation method. The effects of synthesis parameters including activation temperature (T) within the range of 400-600 ⁰C and two H3PO4/Lignin mass ratio (R) of 2 and 3 on activated carbon (AC) structure were investigated. To study the physical and morphological properties of the sensitized carbons, BET, SEM, and FTIR methods were used. The potential application of synthesized ACs was investigated by measuring their adsorption capacity in adsorption process of Methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The AC sensitized at R=2 and T= 500 ⁰C (AC-2-500) showed the highest specific surface area (1573.31 m2/g) and the pore volume (0.89 cm3/g) as well as the highest adsorption capacity of MB. This adsorbent was applied in the equilibrium adsorption experiments and kinetic description. The results from kinetic experiments and adsorption isotherms indicated that the pseudo-first-order model and Langmuir model were in the most correspondence with the experimental data. Maximum adsorption capacity was 188 mg/g. The study proved that a high potential for conversion of black liquor to greatly porous Lignin-based adsorbents. Moreover, the considerable maximum adsorption capacity suggested that a noteworthy potential of Lignin-based AC for wastewater treatment.

The abundant presence of spirulina microalgae and sewage sludge led to the researchers pay attention to recycling and economical conversion into valuable materials. This study investigated the simultaneous pyrolysis composition of two materials, spirulina microalgae and sewage sludge and also the factors affecting of the production of bio-oil from them. The effect of temperature, weight ratio of spirulina to SS, and the heating rate was investigated with the help of Design Expert software. Optimal conditions for pyrolysis was obtained at 519.3 °C, the weight ratio of 0.73 and heating rate of 17.9 °C/min and bio-oil production yield also was obtained 69.35%. The heat value of bio-oil was obtained at 25.52 MJ/kg and its energy efficiency was 66.3%. The results showed that with increasing in the temperature, aromatic content that enhance the heat value were increased. Also, by directing the reaction to optimal conditions, the oxygenated and nitrogenous compounds in the bio-oil were reduced. The simultaneous combination of spirulina and SS increases the number of aromatic substances and decreases oxygenated and nitrogenous group spirulina in bio-oils. It is expected to obtain suitable liquid fuel and chemical substances by pyrolysis of various biomasses.

Buckling occurrence during liner pressure test represents a challenge, in addition to running string deformation; previous casing cement quality may be severely affected. Practically, running string placed straightly on the top of liner. Consequently, buckling pressure limit will surely reached while rising pressure. In order to investigate column performances during testing, drill pipe elongation, bending and buckling are all considered. Buckling influences on pipe quality, based on helical springs under compression theory will revisited. The examination of contact pressure generated and their influences on previous casing cement sheath is the main purpose, via interface continuity conditions and stress analysis method. Results show that minimum yield shear stress could achieved at high casing pressure test. Conversely, contact pressure, radial and hoop stress, for both interfaces casing-cement and cement-formation confirm that DP has more influences on cement sheath compared to casing. Simulations and well registrations presented to confirm buckling occurrence and their impacts.

This study investigated the catalytic performance of three polyoxometalates (H3PMo12O40 (PMo), H3PW12O40 (PW) and H4SiW12O40 (SiW)) supported on montmorillonite K10 for deep oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of mixed thiophenic model oil, crude oil, and gasoline. Experimental results revealed that PW exhibited higher activity than PMo and SiW. The best solvent for mixed model oil was found to be EtOH, while MeCN was optimal for crude oil to remove oxidized sulfur compounds in a biphasic system under atmospheric pressure at 75°C in presence of H2O2 as oxidating agent. Using PW/K10 as the catalyst, the conversion of mixed model/EtOH and crude oil/MeCN reached 98.76% and 51.36%, respectively, under optimal conditions for 80 minutes. To investigate the impact of real oil composition on the desulfurization process, various unsaturated and N-compounds (pyrrole and pyridine) were added to mixed model oil. Finally, PW/K10 was recycled five times, and the results indicated no significant decrease in catalytic activity.